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form of the invention

  • 1 form of the invention

    Англо-русский словарь промышленной и научной лексики > form of the invention

  • 2 вариант изобретения

    Русско-английский словарь по патентам и товарным знакам > вариант изобретения

  • 3 вариант изобретения

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > вариант изобретения

  • 4 Morse, Samuel Finley Breeze

    SUBJECT AREA: Telecommunications
    [br]
    b. 27 April 1791 Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
    d. 2 April 1872 New York City, New York, USA
    [br]
    American portrait painter and inventor, b est known for his invention of the telegraph and so-called Morse code.
    [br]
    Following early education at Phillips Academy, Andover, at the age of 14 years Morse went to Yale College, where he developed interests in painting and electricity. Upon graduating in 1810 he became a clerk to a Washington publisher and a pupil of Washington Allston, a well-known American painter. The following year he travelled to Europe and entered the London studio of another American artist, Benjamin West, successfully exhibiting at the Royal Academy as well as winning a prize and medal for his sculpture. Returning to Boston and finding little success as a "historical-style" painter, he built up a thriving portrait business, moving in 1818 to Charleston, South Carolina, where three years later he established the (now defunct) South Carolina Academy of Fine Arts. In 1825 he was back in New York, but following the death of his wife and both of his parents that year, he embarked on an extended tour of European art galleries. In 1832, on the boat back to America, he met Charles T.Jackson, who told him of the discovery of the electromagnet and fired his interest in telegraphy to the extent that Morse immediately began to make suggestions for electrical communications and, apparently, devised a form of printing telegraph. Although he returned to his painting and in 1835 was appointed the first Professor of the Literature of Art and Design at the University of New York City, he began to spend more and more time experimenting in telegraphy. In 1836 he invented a relay as a means of extending the cable distance over which telegraph signals could be sent. At this time he became acquainted with Alfred Vail, and the following year, when the US government published the requirements for a national telegraph service, they set out to produce a workable system, with finance provided by Vail's father (who, usefully, owned an ironworks). A patent was filed on 6 October 1837 and a successful demonstration using the so-called Morse code was given on 6 January 1838; the work was, in fact, almost certainly largely that of Vail. As a result of the demonstration a Bill was put forward to Congress for $30,000 for an experimental line between Washington and Baltimore. This was eventually passed and the line was completed, and on 24 May 1844 the first message, "What hath God wrought", was sent between the two cities. In the meantime Morse also worked on the insulation of submarine cables by means of pitch tar and indiarubber.
    With success achieved, Morse offered his invention to the Government for $100,000, but this was declined, so the invention remained in private hands. To exploit it, Morse founded the Magnetic Telephone Company in 1845, amalgamating the following year with the telegraph company of a Henry O'Reilly to form Western Union. Having failed to obtain patents in Europe, he now found himself in litigation with others in the USA, but eventually, in 1854, the US Supreme Court decided in his favour and he soon became very wealthy. In 1857 a proposal was made for a telegraph service across the whole of the USA; this was completed in just over four months in 1861. Four years later work began on a link to Europe via Canada, Alaska, the Aleutian Islands and Russia, but it was abandoned with the completion of the transatlantic cable, a venture in which he also had some involvement. Showered with honours, Morse became a generous philanthropist in his later years. By 1883 the company he had created was worth $80 million and had a virtual monopoly in the USA.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    LLD, Yale 1846. Fellow of the Academy of Arts and Sciences 1849. Celebratory Banquet, New York, 1869. Statue in New York Central Park 1871. Austrian Gold Medal of Scientific Merit. Danish Knight of the Danneborg. French Légion d'honneur. Italian Knight of St Lazaro and Mauritio. Portuguese Knight of the Tower and Sword. Turkish Order of Glory.
    Bibliography
    E.L.Morse (ed.), 1975, Letters and Journals, New York: Da Capo Press (facsimile of a 1914 edition).
    Further Reading
    J.Munro, 1891, Heroes of the Telegraph (discusses his telegraphic work and its context).
    C.Mabee, 1943, The American Leonardo: A Life of Samuel Morse; reprinted 1969 (a detailed biography).
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Morse, Samuel Finley Breeze

  • 5 Crompton, Samuel

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 3 December 1753 Firwood, near Bolton, Lancashire, England
    d. 26 June 1827 Bolton, Lancashire, England
    [br]
    English inventor of the spinning mule.
    [br]
    Samuel Crompton was the son of a tenant farmer, George, who became the caretaker of the old house Hall-i-th-Wood, near Bolton, where he died in 1759. As a boy, Samuel helped his widowed mother in various tasks at home, including weaving. He liked music and made his own violin, with which he later was to earn some money to pay for tools for building his spinning mule. He was set to work at spinning and so in 1769 became familiar with the spinning jenny designed by James Hargreaves; he soon noticed the poor quality of the yarn produced and its tendency to break. Crompton became so exasperated with the jenny that in 1772 he decided to improve it. After seven years' work, in 1779 he produced his famous spinning "mule". He built the first one entirely by himself, principally from wood. He adapted rollers similar to those already patented by Arkwright for drawing out the cotton rovings, but it seems that he did not know of Arkwright's invention. The rollers were placed at the back of the mule and paid out the fibres to the spindles, which were mounted on a moving carriage that was drawn away from the rollers as the yarn was paid out. The spindles were rotated to put in twist. At the end of the draw, or shortly before, the rollers were stopped but the spindles continued to rotate. This not only twisted the yarn further, but slightly stretched it and so helped to even out any irregularities; it was this feature that gave the mule yarn extra quality. Then, after the spindles had been turned backwards to unwind the yarn from their tips, they were rotated in the spinning direction again and the yarn was wound on as the carriage was pushed up to the rollers.
    The mule was a very versatile machine, making it possible to spin almost every type of yarn. In fact, Samuel Crompton was soon producing yarn of a much finer quality than had ever been spun in Bolton, and people attempted to break into Hall-i-th-Wood to see how he produced it. Crompton did not patent his invention, perhaps because it consisted basically of the essential features of the earlier machines of Hargreaves and Arkwright, or perhaps through lack of funds. Under promise of a generous subscription, he disclosed his invention to the spinning industry, but was shabbily treated because most of the promised money was never paid. Crompton's first mule had forty-eight spindles, but it did not long remain in its original form for many people started to make improvements to it. The mule soon became more popular than Arkwright's waterframe because it could spin such fine yarn, which enabled weavers to produce the best muslin cloth, rivalling that woven in India and leading to an enormous expansion in the British cotton-textile industry. Crompton eventually saved enough capital to set up as a manufacturer himself and around 1784 he experimented with an improved carding engine, although he was not successful. In 1800, local manufacturers raised a sum of £500 for him, and eventually in 1812 he received a government grant of £5,000, but this was trifling in relation to the immense financial benefits his invention had conferred on the industry, to say nothing of his expenses. When Crompton was seeking evidence in 1811 to support his claim for financial assistance, he found that there were 4,209,570 mule spindles compared with 155,880 jenny and 310,516 waterframe spindles. He later set up as a bleacher and again as a cotton manufacturer, but only the gift of a small annuity by his friends saved him from dying in total poverty.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    H.C.Cameron, 1951, Samuel Crompton, Inventor of the Spinning Mule, London (a rather discursive biography).
    Dobson \& Barlow Ltd, 1927, Samuel Crompton, the Inventor of the Spinning Mule, Bolton.
    G.J.French, 1859, The Life and Times of Samuel Crompton, Inventor of the Spinning Machine Called the Mule, London.
    The invention of the mule is fully described in H. Gatling, 1970, The Spinning Mule, Newton Abbot; W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London; R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester.
    C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press (provides a brief account).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Crompton, Samuel

  • 6 obstáculo

    m.
    obstacle, drag, snag, balk.
    * * *
    1 (barrera) obstacle
    2 (inconveniente) objection
    3 (valla) fence, jump
    \
    salvar un obstáculo to overcome an obstacle
    carrera de obstáculos (para niños) obstacle race 2 (de caballos, atletas) steeplechase
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) [físico] obstacle
    carrera 2)
    2) (=dificultad) obstacle, hindrance

    poner obstáculos a algo/algn — to hinder sth/sb

    * * *
    masculino obstacle

    superar or salvar un obstáculo — to overcome an obstacle

    no fue obstáculo para que ganara — it did not stop o prevent him (from) winning

    * * *
    = encumbrance, handicap, hurdle, impairment, impediment, rough spot, wall, barrier, bottleneck, hindrance, obstacle, inhibition, obstruction, stumbling block, bar, blockage, roadblock, block.
    Ex. Meanwhile we are asked to accept encumbrances that will needlessly impair the effectiveness of our catalogs for an indefinite time to come.
    Ex. A high exhaustivity of indexing, then, is beneficial where a thorough search is required, but may be a handicap when only a few highly relevant documents are sought.
    Ex. Schoolchildren, students, and other whose native language is written in a non-Roman script may find alphabetical order according to Roman characters an almost insurmountable hurdle in the use of catalogues and indexes.
    Ex. A well-designed multimodal application can be used by people with a wide variety of impairments.
    Ex. It may be decided that the practical impediments to the distribution and assignment of such numbers outweigh their potential usefulness.
    Ex. But despite the many catalog worlds, and herein lies the rub -- or at least a rough spot -- we have been proceeding on the assumption that the catalog exists in the form of the data distributed by the Library of Congress.
    Ex. In the map library, the electronic medium is shaking the foundations of cartographic communication and threatening the bring the walls crashing down.
    Ex. While the number of projects proposed was innumerable, 3 barriers remain: red tape; hard currency; and Western barriers to providing high technology to the Eastern bloc.
    Ex. A number of research groups have investigated the use of knowledge-based systems as a means of avoiding this bottleneck.
    Ex. The overall effect of the labels and signs is not so much help but hindrance through information overload.
    Ex. Conversely, an unsympathetic principal can be the greatest obstacle to library development within a school.
    Ex. This has been a major source of inhibition to the development of British efforts to create a bank of microcopy versions of theses accepted.
    Ex. Harmonization of technical standards is one of the Community's principal goals in creating a common market devoid of obstructions to the free movement of goods.
    Ex. These stumbling blocks can often be bypassed in the initial stages of OSI implementation by choosing applications that do not require close integration with existing library systems.
    Ex. Publications describing or revealing an invention can be a bar to issuance of a patent.
    Ex. The problem in relation to communication is probably the most difficult of them all, as the blockage lies in people rather than with the library.
    Ex. The roadblock to increasing book translations into English is not that there is insufficient funding but that few publishers know about grant schemes that are available.
    Ex. Emotional blocks to reading can be formed by an unsatisfactory relationship with a teacher.
    ----
    * ayudar a eliminar obstáculos = clear + the path, clear + the way.
    * carrera de obstáculos = steeplechase.
    * constituir un obstáculo = constitute + an obstacle.
    * creación de obstáculos = fence building.
    * eliminar obstáculos = clear + the path, clear + the way.
    * eliminar un obstáculo = remove + barrier, sweep away + obstacle.
    * encontrarse con un obstáculo = face + obstacle.
    * enfrentarse a un obstáculo = address + barrier.
    * obstáculo insalvable = insurmountable obstacle.
    * obstáculos = logjam [log-jam].
    * poner obstáculos = cramp.
    * preparación del terreno eliminando todo tipo de obstáculos = land-clearing.
    * presentar un obstáculo = pose + obstacle.
    * que pone obstáculos = obstructive.
    * reducir un obstáculo = lower + barrier.
    * remover un obstáculo = remove + barrier.
    * remover un obstáculo, eliminar un obstáculo = remove + obstacle.
    * ser un obstáculo = stand in + the way (of).
    * sin obstáculos = unchecked, unhindered, unimpeded.
    * sin obstáculos de por medio = uncluttered.
    * sin obstáculos, sin obstrucciones = unobstructed.
    * superar un obstáculo = overcome + obstacle, jump over + hurdle, overcome + barrier, conquer + barrier.
    * vencer un obstáculo = surmount + obstacle, conquer + barrier.
    * * *
    masculino obstacle

    superar or salvar un obstáculo — to overcome an obstacle

    no fue obstáculo para que ganara — it did not stop o prevent him (from) winning

    * * *
    = encumbrance, handicap, hurdle, impairment, impediment, rough spot, wall, barrier, bottleneck, hindrance, obstacle, inhibition, obstruction, stumbling block, bar, blockage, roadblock, block.

    Ex: Meanwhile we are asked to accept encumbrances that will needlessly impair the effectiveness of our catalogs for an indefinite time to come.

    Ex: A high exhaustivity of indexing, then, is beneficial where a thorough search is required, but may be a handicap when only a few highly relevant documents are sought.
    Ex: Schoolchildren, students, and other whose native language is written in a non-Roman script may find alphabetical order according to Roman characters an almost insurmountable hurdle in the use of catalogues and indexes.
    Ex: A well-designed multimodal application can be used by people with a wide variety of impairments.
    Ex: It may be decided that the practical impediments to the distribution and assignment of such numbers outweigh their potential usefulness.
    Ex: But despite the many catalog worlds, and herein lies the rub -- or at least a rough spot -- we have been proceeding on the assumption that the catalog exists in the form of the data distributed by the Library of Congress.
    Ex: In the map library, the electronic medium is shaking the foundations of cartographic communication and threatening the bring the walls crashing down.
    Ex: While the number of projects proposed was innumerable, 3 barriers remain: red tape; hard currency; and Western barriers to providing high technology to the Eastern bloc.
    Ex: A number of research groups have investigated the use of knowledge-based systems as a means of avoiding this bottleneck.
    Ex: The overall effect of the labels and signs is not so much help but hindrance through information overload.
    Ex: Conversely, an unsympathetic principal can be the greatest obstacle to library development within a school.
    Ex: This has been a major source of inhibition to the development of British efforts to create a bank of microcopy versions of theses accepted.
    Ex: Harmonization of technical standards is one of the Community's principal goals in creating a common market devoid of obstructions to the free movement of goods.
    Ex: These stumbling blocks can often be bypassed in the initial stages of OSI implementation by choosing applications that do not require close integration with existing library systems.
    Ex: Publications describing or revealing an invention can be a bar to issuance of a patent.
    Ex: The problem in relation to communication is probably the most difficult of them all, as the blockage lies in people rather than with the library.
    Ex: The roadblock to increasing book translations into English is not that there is insufficient funding but that few publishers know about grant schemes that are available.
    Ex: Emotional blocks to reading can be formed by an unsatisfactory relationship with a teacher.
    * ayudar a eliminar obstáculos = clear + the path, clear + the way.
    * carrera de obstáculos = steeplechase.
    * constituir un obstáculo = constitute + an obstacle.
    * creación de obstáculos = fence building.
    * eliminar obstáculos = clear + the path, clear + the way.
    * eliminar un obstáculo = remove + barrier, sweep away + obstacle.
    * encontrarse con un obstáculo = face + obstacle.
    * enfrentarse a un obstáculo = address + barrier.
    * obstáculo insalvable = insurmountable obstacle.
    * obstáculos = logjam [log-jam].
    * poner obstáculos = cramp.
    * preparación del terreno eliminando todo tipo de obstáculos = land-clearing.
    * presentar un obstáculo = pose + obstacle.
    * que pone obstáculos = obstructive.
    * reducir un obstáculo = lower + barrier.
    * remover un obstáculo = remove + barrier.
    * remover un obstáculo, eliminar un obstáculo = remove + obstacle.
    * ser un obstáculo = stand in + the way (of).
    * sin obstáculos = unchecked, unhindered, unimpeded.
    * sin obstáculos de por medio = uncluttered.
    * sin obstáculos, sin obstrucciones = unobstructed.
    * superar un obstáculo = overcome + obstacle, jump over + hurdle, overcome + barrier, conquer + barrier.
    * vencer un obstáculo = surmount + obstacle, conquer + barrier.

    * * *
    obstacle
    quitaron los obstáculos del camino they cleared the obstacles from the road, they cleared the road of obstacles
    superar or salvar un obstáculo to overcome an obstacle
    no fue obstáculo para que ganara it did not stop o prevent him (from) winning
    me puso muchos obstáculos he put many obstacles in my path
    el único obstáculo entre nosotros y la victoria the only obstacle between us and victory, the only thing that stands/stood between us and victory
    un obstáculo para el éxito del proyecto an obstacle to the success of the project
    * * *

    obstáculo sustantivo masculino
    obstacle
    obstáculo sustantivo masculino
    1 (dificultad) handicap: no hay ningún obstáculo para que estudies Derecho, there's nothing stopping you from studying Law
    2 (en un camino, etc) obstacle
    una carrera de obstáculos, an obstacle race
    ' obstáculo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    escollo
    - esquivar
    - estorbo
    - franquear
    - insalvable
    - remover
    - salvar
    - sortear
    - vencer
    - allanar
    - apartar
    - brincar
    - chocar
    - eliminar
    - encontrar
    - saltar
    - subsanar
    English:
    bar
    - barrier
    - block
    - chief
    - clash
    - clear
    - get across
    - get over
    - get past
    - hazard
    - hurdle
    - impassable
    - impediment
    - jump
    - negotiate
    - obstacle
    - obstruction
    - pitfall
    * * *
    1. [impedimento] obstacle ( para to);
    poner obstáculos a algo/alguien to put obstacles in the way of sth/sb
    2. [en una carrera] hurdle
    * * *
    m obstacle;
    carrera de obstáculos obstacle race;
    ponerle obstáculos a alguien make things difficult for s.o.;
    ponerle obstáculos a algo make sth difficult
    * * *
    impedimento: obstacle
    * * *
    obstáculo n obstacle

    Spanish-English dictionary > obstáculo

  • 7 transparencia

    f.
    1 transparency, transparence, clarity, pellucidity.
    2 slide, photographic slide.
    * * *
    1 transparency, transparence
    2 (diapositiva) transparency, slide
    * * *
    SF
    1) [de cristal, agua] transparency
    2) (=claridad) openness, transparency

    todos los partidos prometen transparencia en su financiación — all the parties are promising to be open about their sources of finance, all the parties are promising financial transparency

    transparencia fiscal — fiscal o tax transparency

    3) (Fot) slide, transparency
    * * *
    a) ( cualidad) transparency
    b) (Fot) slide, transparency; ( para retroprojector) transparency
    * * *
    = slide, transparency, acetate sheet, overhead slide, overhead projection transparency, seamlessness, disclosure.
    Ex. A slide is a piece of transparent material on which there is a two-dimensional image, usually held in a mount, and designed for use in a projector or viewer.
    Ex. A transparency is a sheet of transparent material bearing an image and designed for use with an overhead projector or a light box.
    Ex. The teacher may use pre-prepared acetate sheets home-produced using a spirit-based pen to ensure permanence.
    Ex. The main form of knowledge transfer and the basis for decision making within corporations has not been a paper, a document or a detailed report, but a set of overhead slides and the discussions around them.
    Ex. The catalogue covers filmstrips, slides, films, filmloops, portfolios, posters, charts, overhead projection transparencies, kits, cassettes, gramophone records, work cards, educational games, spirit masters, etc.
    Ex. The article covers the growth in World Wide Web based products, pricing, seamlessness, outsourcing, ease of use, and partnerships and alliances.
    Ex. The patent abstract is a concise statement of the technical disclosure of the patent and must emphasize that which is new in the context of the invention.
    ----
    * proyección de transparencias = overhead projection.
    * transparencia de sobreposición = overlay.
    * transparencia de superposición = overlay transparency.
    * * *
    a) ( cualidad) transparency
    b) (Fot) slide, transparency; ( para retroprojector) transparency
    * * *
    = slide, transparency, acetate sheet, overhead slide, overhead projection transparency, seamlessness, disclosure.

    Ex: A slide is a piece of transparent material on which there is a two-dimensional image, usually held in a mount, and designed for use in a projector or viewer.

    Ex: A transparency is a sheet of transparent material bearing an image and designed for use with an overhead projector or a light box.
    Ex: The teacher may use pre-prepared acetate sheets home-produced using a spirit-based pen to ensure permanence.
    Ex: The main form of knowledge transfer and the basis for decision making within corporations has not been a paper, a document or a detailed report, but a set of overhead slides and the discussions around them.
    Ex: The catalogue covers filmstrips, slides, films, filmloops, portfolios, posters, charts, overhead projection transparencies, kits, cassettes, gramophone records, work cards, educational games, spirit masters, etc.
    Ex: The article covers the growth in World Wide Web based products, pricing, seamlessness, outsourcing, ease of use, and partnerships and alliances.
    Ex: The patent abstract is a concise statement of the technical disclosure of the patent and must emphasize that which is new in the context of the invention.
    * proyección de transparencias = overhead projection.
    * transparencia de sobreposición = overlay.
    * transparencia de superposición = overlay transparency.

    * * *
    A
    1 (de un material) transparency
    2
    (de una situación): la transparencia de nuestro sistema de seguridad social the public accountability of our social security system
    la transparencia del nuevo régimen the new regime's policy of openness o of open government
    B ( Fot) transparency, slide
    * * *

    transparencia sustantivo femenino
    1 (de un cristal, tela) transparency
    2 (de una información, gestión) openness, transparency
    3 Fot slide
    ' transparencia' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    trasparencia
    English:
    transparency
    * * *
    transparencia, trasparencia nf
    1. [de líquido, material] transparency
    2. [de intenciones] obviousness;
    [de argumento] clarity
    3. [de elecciones, proceso] openness, transparency;
    es esencial mantener una absoluta transparencia en la gestión it is essential that management be seen to be completely above-board;
    garantizar la transparencia de los comicios to guarantee fair elections;
    falta de transparencia lack of openness
    4. [para retroproyector] transparency
    5. Cine
    transparencias back projection
    6. [tejido] see-through fabric
    * * *
    f transparency; para proyectar transparency, slide
    * * *
    : transparency

    Spanish-English dictionary > transparencia

  • 8 Cai Lun (Tsai Lun)

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. c.57 AD China
    d. c.121 AD China
    [br]
    Chinese Director of Imperial Workshops who is usually credited with the invention of paper.
    [br]
    He was a confidential secretary to the Emperor. He became Director of the Imperial Workshops and he is said to have invented, or sponsored the invention of, paper around the year 105 AD. Recent studies, however, suggest that paper was already known in China two centuries earlier. The method of making it has hardly varied in principle since that time. The raw materials, then usually old fishing nets and clothing rags, were boiled with water, to which alkali in the form of wood ash was sometimes added. The resulting pulp was then beaten in a stone mortar with a stone or a wooden mallet. The pulp was then mixed and stirred with a large amount of water, and a sieve or mould (formed on a wooden frame carrying a mat of thin reeds sewn together) was dipped into it and was shaken to help the fibres in the layer of pulp to interlock and thus form a sheet of paper. The rest of the process consisted, then as now, of getting rid of the water: the sheets of paper were dried and bleached by leaving them to lie in the sun.
    Some of China's many inventions were achieved independently in Western Europe, but it seems that Europe's knowledge of papermaking stems from the Chinese. It was not until the eighth century that it passed into the Islamic world and so, first by contact with the Moors in Spain in the twelfth century, into Western Europe.
    Cai Lun was later made a marquis. Further promotion followed when he was regarded as the god of papermaking.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.Needham, 1985, Science and Civilisation in China, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Vol. V (1): Clerks and Craftsmen in China and the West, 1970.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Cai Lun (Tsai Lun)

  • 9 Biro, Laszlo Joszef (Ladislao José)

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. 29 September 1899 Budapest, Hungary
    d. 24 October 1985 Buenos Aires, Argentina
    [br]
    Hungarian inventor of the ballpoint pen.
    [br]
    Details of Biro's early life are obscure, but by 1939 he had been active as a painter, a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and an inventor, patenting over thirty minor inventions. During the 1930s he edited a cultural magazine and noticed in the printing shop the advantages of quick-drying ink. He began experimenting with crude ballpoint pens. The idea was not new, for an American, John Loud, had patented a cumbersome form of pen for marking rough surfaces in 1888; it had failed commercially. Biro and his brother Georg patented a ballpoint pen in 1938, although they had not yet perfected a suitable ink or a reservoir to hold it.
    In 1940 Biro fled the Nazi occupation of Hungary and settled in Argentina. Two years later, he had developed his pen to the point where he could seek backers for a company to exploit it commercially. His principal backer appears to have been an English accountant, Henry George Martin. In 1944 Martin offered the invention to the US Army Air Force and the British Royal Air Force to overcome the problems aircrews were experiencing at high altitudes with leaking fountain pens. Some 10,000 ballpoints were made for the RAF. Licences were granted in the USA for the manufacture of the "biro", and in 1944 the Miles-Martin Pen Company was formed in Britain and began making them on a large scale at a factory near Reading, Berkshire; by 1951 its workforce had grown to over 1,000. Other companies followed suit; by varying details of the pen, they avoided infringing the original patents. One such entrepreneur, Miles Reynolds, was the first to put the pen on sale to the public in New York; it is reputed that 10,000 were sold on the first day.
    Biro had little taste for commercial exploitation, and by 1947 he had withdrawn from the Argentine company, mainly to resume his painting, in the surrealist style. Examples of his work are exhibited in the Fine Arts Museum in Budapest. He created an instrument that had a greater impact on written communication than any other single invention.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    "Nachruf: Ladislao José Biro (1899–1985)", HistorischeBurowelt (1988) 21:5–8 (with English summary).
    J.Jewkes, The Sources of Invention, pp. 234–5.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Biro, Laszlo Joszef (Ladislao José)

  • 10 Bramah, Joseph

    [br]
    b. 2 April 1749 Stainborough, Yorkshire, England
    d. 9 December 1814 Pimlico, London, England
    [br]
    English inventor of the second patented water-closet, the beer-engine, the Bramah lock and, most important, the hydraulic press.
    [br]
    Bramah was the son of a tenant farmer and was educated at the village school before being apprenticed to a local carpenter, Thomas Allot. He walked to London c.1773 and found work with a Mr Allen that included the repair of some of the comparatively rare water-closets of the period. He invented and patented one of his own, which was followed by a water cock in 1783. His next invention, a greatly improved lock, involved the devising of a number of special machine tools, for it was one of the first devices involving interchangeable components in its manufacture. In this he had the help of Henry Maudslay, then a young and unknown engineer, who became Bramah's foreman before setting up business on his own. In 1784 he moved his premises from Denmark Street, St Giles, to 124 Piccadilly, which was later used as a showroom when he set up a factory in Pimlico. He invented an engine for putting out fires in 1785 and 1793, in effect a reciprocating rotary-vane pump. He undertook the refurbishment and modernization of Norwich waterworks c.1793, but fell out with Robert Mylne, who was acting as Consultant to the Norwich Corporation and had produced a remarkably vague specification. This was Bramah's only venture into the field of civil engineering.
    In 1797 he acted as an expert witness for Hornblower \& Maberley in the patent infringement case brought against them by Boulton and Watt. Having been cut short by the judge, he published his proposed evidence in "Letter to the Rt Hon. Sir James Eyre, Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas…etc". In 1795 he was granted his most important patent, based on Pascal's Hydrostatic Paradox, for the hydraulic press which also incorporated the concept of hydraulics for the transmission of both power and motion and was the foundation of the whole subsequent hydraulic industry. There is no truth in the oft-repeated assertion originating from Samuel Smiles's Industrial Biography (1863) that the hydraulic press could not be made to work until Henry Maudslay invented the self-sealing neck leather. Bramah used a single-acting upstroking ram, sealed only at its base with a U-leather. There was no need for a neck leather.
    He also used the concept of the weight-loaded, in this case as a public-house beer-engine. He devised machinery for carbonating soda water. The first banknote-numbering machine was of his design and was bought by the Bank of England. His development of a machine to cut twelve nibs from one goose quill started a patent specification which ended with the invention of the fountain pen, patented in 1809. His coach brakes were an innovation that was followed bv a form of hydropneumatic carriage suspension that was somewhat in advance of its time, as was his patent of 1812. This foresaw the introduction of hydraulic power mains in major cities and included the telescopic ram and the air-loaded accumulator.
    In all Joseph Bramah was granted eighteen patents. On 22 March 1813 he demonstrated a hydraulic machine for pulling up trees by the roots in Hyde Park before a large crowd headed by the Duke of York. Using the same machine in Alice Holt Forest in Hampshire to fell timber for ships for the Navy, he caught a chill and died soon after at his home in Pimlico.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1778, British patent no. 1177 (water-closet). 1784, British patent no. 1430 (Bramah Lock). 1795, British patent no. 2045 (hydraulic press). 1809, British patent no. 3260 (fountain pen). 1812, British patent no. 3611.
    Further Reading
    I.McNeil, 1968, Joseph Bramah, a Century of Invention.
    S.Smiles, 1863, Industrial Biography.
    H.W.Dickinson, 1942, "Joseph Bramah and his inventions", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 22:169–86.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Bramah, Joseph

  • 11 Klic, Karol (Klietsch, Karl)

    [br]
    b. 31 May 1841 Arnau, Bohemia (now Czech Republic)
    d. 16 November 1826 Vienna, Austria
    [br]
    Czech inventor of photogravure and rotogravure.
    [br]
    Klic, sometimes known by the germanized form of his name Karl Klietsch, gained a knowledge of chemistry from his chemist father. However, he inclined towards the arts, preferring to mix paints rather than chemicals, and he trained in art at the Academy of Painting in Prague. His father thought to combine the chemical with the artistic by setting up his son in a photographic studio in Brno, but the arts won and in 1867 Klic moved to Vienna to practise as an illustrator and caricaturist. He also acquired skill as an etcher, and this led him to print works of art reproduced by photography by means of an intaglio process. He perfected the process c.1878 and, through it, Vienna became for a while the world centre for high-quality art reproductions. The prints were made by hand from flat plates, but Klic then proposed that the images should be etched onto power-driven cylinders. He found little support for rotary gravure, or rotogravure, on the European continent, but learning that Storey Brothers, textile printers of Lancaster, England, were working in a similar direction, he went there in 1890 to perfect his idea. Rotogravure printing on textiles began in 1893. They then turned to printing art reproductions on paper by rotogravure and in 1895 formed the Rembrandt Intaglio Printing Company. Their photogra-vures attracted worldwide attention when they appeared in the Magazine of Art. Klic saw photogravure as a small-scale medium for the art lover and not for mass-circulation publications, so he did not patent his invention and thought to control it by secrecy. That had the usual result, however, and knowledge of the process leaked out from Storey's, spreading to other countries in Europe and, from 1903, to the USA. Klic lived on in a modest way in Vienna, his later years troubled by failing sight. He hardly earned the credit for the invention, let alone the fortune reaped by others who used, and still use, photogravure for printing long runs of copy such as newspaper colour supplements.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1927, Inland Printer (January): 614.
    Karol Klic. vynálezu hlubotisku, 1957, Prague (the only full-length biography; in Czech, with an introduction in English, French and German).
    S.H.Horgan, 1925, "The invention of photogravure", Inland Printer (April): 64 (contains brief details of his life and works).
    G.Wakeman, 1973, Victorian Book Illustration, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles, pp. 126–8.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Klic, Karol (Klietsch, Karl)

  • 12 Smith, Oberlin

    [br]
    b. 22 March 1840 Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
    d. 18 July 1926
    [br]
    American mechanical engineer, pioneer in experiments with magnetic recording.
    [br]
    Of English descent, Smith embarked on an education in mechanical engineering, graduating from West Jersey Academy, Bridgeton, New Jersey, in 1859. In 1863 he established a machine shop in Bridgeton, New Jersey, that became the Ferracute Machine Company in 1877, eventually specializing in the manufacture of presses for metalworking. He seems to have subscribed to design principles considered modern even in the 1990s, "always giving attention to the development of artistic form in combination with simplicity, and with massive strength where required" (bibliographic reference below). He was successful in his business, and developed and patented a large number of mechanical constructions.
    Inspired by the advent of the phonograph of Edison, in 1878 Smith obtained the tin-foil mechanical phonograph, analysed its shortcomings and performed some experiments in magnetic recording. He filed a caveat in the US Patent Office in order to be protected while he "reduced the invention to practice". However, he did not follow this trail. When there was renewed interest in practical sound recording and reproduction in 1888 (the constructions of Berliner and Bell \& Tainter), Smith published an account of his experiments in the journal Electrical World. In a corrective letter three weeks later it is clear that he was aware of the physical requirements for the interaction between magnetic coil and magnetic medium, but his publications also indicate that he did not as such obtain reproduction of recorded sound.
    Smith did not try to develop magnetic recording, but he felt it imperative that he be given credit for conceiving the idea of it. When accounts of Valdemar Poulsen's work were published in 1900, Smith attempted to prove some rights in the invention in the US Patent Office, but to no avail.
    He was a highly respected member of both his community and engineering societies, and in later life became interested in the anti-slavery cause that had also been close to the heart of his parents, as well as in the YMCA movement and in women's suffrage.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Apart from numerous technical papers, he wrote the book Press Working of Metals, 1896. His accounts on the magnetic recording experiments were "Some possible forms of phonograph", Electrical World (8 September 1888): 161 ff, and "Letter to the Editor", Electrical World (29 September 1888): 179.
    Further Reading
    F.K.Engel, 1990, Documents on the Invention of Magnetic Recording in 1878, New York: Audio Engineering Society, Reprint no. 2,914 (G2) (a good overview of the material collected by the Oberlin Smith Society, Bridgeton, New Jersey, in particular as regards the recording experiments; it is here that it is doubted that Valdemar Poulsen developed his ideas independently).
    GB-N

    Biographical history of technology > Smith, Oberlin

  • 13 anuncio publicitario de un libro

    Ex. The human race has produced since the invention of movable type a total record, in the form of magazines, newspapers, advertising blurbs, correspondence.
    * * *

    Ex: The human race has produced since the invention of movable type a total record, in the form of magazines, newspapers, advertising blurbs, correspondence.

    Spanish-English dictionary > anuncio publicitario de un libro

  • 14 tipos móviles

    (n.) = movable type
    Ex. The human race has produced since the invention of movable type a total record, in the form of magazines, newspapers, advertising blurbs, correspondence.
    * * *

    Ex: The human race has produced since the invention of movable type a total record, in the form of magazines, newspapers, advertising blurbs, correspondence.

    Spanish-English dictionary > tipos móviles

  • 15 Franklin, Benjamin

    [br]
    b. 17 January 1706 Boston, Massachusetts, USA
    d. 17 April 1790 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
    [br]
    American diplomat, statesman, scientist and inventor of bifocal spectacle lenses.
    [br]
    Described as a versatile genius, although less fairly also as an amateur dabbler, Franklin was of immediate English ancestry from Northamptonshire. During a long and prolific life, his innovations included the Franklin stove, arrangements for house ventilation and aeronautical and electrical experimentation. He was awarded the Copley Medal of the Royal Society in 1753 for his discoveries in relation to lighting conductors.
    His principal contribution to medicine was the invention of bifocal lenses constructed by the cementing of glass wafers to existing spectacle lenses. The date of this invention is uncertain, but was probably c.1774. A letter he wrote to a friend in 1775 refers to Peter Dollond, of the London optical firm, who has sometimes been thought to have contemporaneously developed some form of bifocal lens. Franklin's invention of the lens was prompted by his own visual difficulties.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Royal Medical Society of Paris 1777. Medical Society of London 1787. Royal Society Copley Medal 1753.
    Bibliography
    1888, The Life of Benjamin Franklin, Written by Himself, Philadelphia.
    Further Reading
    C.van Dorek, 1938, Benjamin Franklin.
    H.Barty-King, 1986, Eyes Right, London.
    MG

    Biographical history of technology > Franklin, Benjamin

  • 16 Knowledge

       It is indeed an opinion strangely prevailing amongst men, that houses, mountains, rivers, and, in a word, all sensible objects, have an existence, natural or real, distinct from their being perceived by the understanding. But, with how great an assurance and acquiescence soever this principle may be entertained in the world, yet whoever shall find in his heart to call it into question may, if I mistake not, perceive it to involve a manifest contradiction. For, what are the forementioned objects but things we perceive by sense? and what do we perceive besides our own ideas or sensations? and is it not plainly repugnant that any one of these, or any combination of them, should exist unperceived? (Berkeley, 1996, Pt. I, No. 4, p. 25)
       It seems to me that the only objects of the abstract sciences or of demonstration are quantity and number, and that all attempts to extend this more perfect species of knowledge beyond these bounds are mere sophistry and illusion. As the component parts of quantity and number are entirely similar, their relations become intricate and involved; and nothing can be more curious, as well as useful, than to trace, by a variety of mediums, their equality or inequality, through their different appearances.
       But as all other ideas are clearly distinct and different from each other, we can never advance farther, by our utmost scrutiny, than to observe this diversity, and, by an obvious reflection, pronounce one thing not to be another. Or if there be any difficulty in these decisions, it proceeds entirely from the undeterminate meaning of words, which is corrected by juster definitions. That the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the squares of the other two sides cannot be known, let the terms be ever so exactly defined, without a train of reasoning and enquiry. But to convince us of this proposition, that where there is no property, there can be no injustice, it is only necessary to define the terms, and explain injustice to be a violation of property. This proposition is, indeed, nothing but a more imperfect definition. It is the same case with all those pretended syllogistical reasonings, which may be found in every other branch of learning, except the sciences of quantity and number; and these may safely, I think, be pronounced the only proper objects of knowledge and demonstration. (Hume, 1975, Sec. 12, Pt. 3, pp. 163-165)
       Our knowledge springs from two fundamental sources of the mind; the first is the capacity of receiving representations (the ability to receive impressions), the second is the power to know an object through these representations (spontaneity in the production of concepts).
       Through the first, an object is given to us; through the second, the object is thought in relation to that representation.... Intuition and concepts constitute, therefore, the elements of all our knowledge, so that neither concepts without intuition in some way corresponding to them, nor intuition without concepts, can yield knowledge. Both may be either pure or empirical.... Pure intuitions or pure concepts are possible only a priori; empirical intuitions and empirical concepts only a posteriori. If the receptivity of our mind, its power of receiving representations in so far as it is in any way affected, is to be called "sensibility," then the mind's power of producing representations from itself, the spontaneity of knowledge, should be called "understanding." Our nature is so constituted that our intuitions can never be other than sensible; that is, it contains only the mode in which we are affected by objects. The faculty, on the other hand, which enables us to think the object of sensible intuition is the understanding.... Without sensibility, no object would be given to us; without understanding, no object would be thought. Thoughts without content are empty; intuitions without concepts are blind. It is therefore just as necessary to make our concepts sensible, that is, to add the object to them in intuition, as to make our intuitions intelligible, that is to bring them under concepts. These two powers or capacities cannot exchange their functions. The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their union can knowledge arise. (Kant, 1933, Sec. 1, Pt. 2, B74-75 [p. 92])
       Metaphysics, as a natural disposition of Reason is real, but it is also, in itself, dialectical and deceptive.... Hence to attempt to draw our principles from it, and in their employment to follow this natural but none the less fallacious illusion can never produce science, but only an empty dialectical art, in which one school may indeed outdo the other, but none can ever attain a justifiable and lasting success. In order that, as a science, it may lay claim not merely to deceptive persuasion, but to insight and conviction, a Critique of Reason must exhibit in a complete system the whole stock of conceptions a priori, arranged according to their different sources-the Sensibility, the understanding, and the Reason; it must present a complete table of these conceptions, together with their analysis and all that can be deduced from them, but more especially the possibility of synthetic knowledge a priori by means of their deduction, the principles of its use, and finally, its boundaries....
       This much is certain: he who has once tried criticism will be sickened for ever of all the dogmatic trash he was compelled to content himself with before, because his Reason, requiring something, could find nothing better for its occupation. Criticism stands to the ordinary school metaphysics exactly in the same relation as chemistry to alchemy, or as astron omy to fortune-telling astrology. I guarantee that no one who has comprehended and thought out the conclusions of criticism, even in these Prolegomena, will ever return to the old sophistical pseudo-science. He will rather look forward with a kind of pleasure to a metaphysics, certainly now within his power, which requires no more preparatory discoveries, and which alone can procure for reason permanent satisfaction. (Kant, 1891, pp. 115-116)
       Knowledge is only real and can only be set forth fully in the form of science, in the form of system. Further, a so-called fundamental proposition or first principle of philosophy, even if it is true, it is yet none the less false, just because and in so far as it is merely a fundamental proposition, merely a first principle. It is for that reason easily refuted. The refutation consists in bringing out its defective character; and it is defective because it is merely the universal, merely a principle, the beginning. If the refutation is complete and thorough, it is derived and developed from the nature of the principle itself, and not accomplished by bringing in from elsewhere other counter-assurances and chance fancies. It would be strictly the development of the principle, and thus the completion of its deficiency, were it not that it misunderstands its own purport by taking account solely of the negative aspect of what it seeks to do, and is not conscious of the positive character of its process and result. The really positive working out of the beginning is at the same time just as much the very reverse: it is a negative attitude towards the principle we start from. Negative, that is to say, in its one-sided form, which consists in being primarily immediate, a mere purpose. It may therefore be regarded as a refutation of what constitutes the basis of the system; but more correctly it should be looked at as a demonstration that the basis or principle of the system is in point of fact merely its beginning. (Hegel, 1910, pp. 21-22)
       Knowledge, action, and evaluation are essentially connected. The primary and pervasive significance of knowledge lies in its guidance of action: knowing is for the sake of doing. And action, obviously, is rooted in evaluation. For a being which did not assign comparative values, deliberate action would be pointless; and for one which did not know, it would be impossible. Conversely, only an active being could have knowledge, and only such a being could assign values to anything beyond his own feelings. A creature which did not enter into the process of reality to alter in some part the future content of it, could apprehend a world only in the sense of intuitive or esthetic contemplation; and such contemplation would not possess the significance of knowledge but only that of enjoying and suffering. (Lewis, 1946, p. 1)
       "Evolutionary epistemology" is a branch of scholarship that applies the evolutionary perspective to an understanding of how knowledge develops. Knowledge always involves getting information. The most primitive way of acquiring it is through the sense of touch: amoebas and other simple organisms know what happens around them only if they can feel it with their "skins." The knowledge such an organism can have is strictly about what is in its immediate vicinity. After a huge jump in evolution, organisms learned to find out what was going on at a distance from them, without having to actually feel the environment. This jump involved the development of sense organs for processing information that was farther away. For a long time, the most important sources of knowledge were the nose, the eyes, and the ears. The next big advance occurred when organisms developed memory. Now information no longer needed to be present at all, and the animal could recall events and outcomes that happened in the past. Each one of these steps in the evolution of knowledge added important survival advantages to the species that was equipped to use it.
       Then, with the appearance in evolution of humans, an entirely new way of acquiring information developed. Up to this point, the processing of information was entirely intrasomatic.... But when speech appeared (and even more powerfully with the invention of writing), information processing became extrasomatic. After that point knowledge did not have to be stored in the genes, or in the memory traces of the brain; it could be passed on from one person to another through words, or it could be written down and stored on a permanent substance like stone, paper, or silicon chips-in any case, outside the fragile and impermanent nervous system. (Csikszentmihalyi, 1993, pp. 56-57)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Knowledge

  • 17 druk

    m (G druku) 1. sgt Druk., Wyd. (proces) press, process of printing C
    - wynalazek druku the invention of printing
    - omyłka druku a misprint a. printing error
    - nadający/nienadający się do druku printable/unprintable
    - teksty/książki są gotowe do druku the texts/books are ready to go to press
    - jego teksty ukazały się drukiem his texts have appeared in print a. have got into print
    - wydać a. ogłosić coś drukiem to publish sth
    2. sgt Druk., Wyd. (czcionka) print, type, font a. typeface; (znaki na stronie) printed matter
    - druk tłusty/półtłusty bold/semibold print a. type
    - druk rozstrzelony a. rozstawiony spaced out type
    - duży/drobny druk large/small print
    - uwagi dużym/drobnym drukiem comments in large/fine a. small print
    - druk na obu stronach kartki printed matter on both sides of a page
    - pisać drukiem to write in capitals a. block capitals
    3. sgt Druk. (technika, metoda) printing
    - druk wielobarwny colour a. process printing
    4. zw. pl Druk., Wyd. (powielony materiał) printed matter U; (formularz) form; (odbitka) print
    - cenne/stare druki valuable/old prints
    - druki reklamowe/ulotne handbills a. flyers/leaflets
    - „druk” (na kopercie) ‘Printed matter’
    - wysłać coś jako druk to send sth printed-paper rate
    5. sgt Techn., Włók. (zdobienie tkanin, skór) printing on fabrics
    - druk stemplowy block printing
    6. Włók. (wzór na tkaninie) printed pattern a. design
    - □ druk akcydensowy (biurowy, urzędowy) headed stationery; (użytkowy) short-run (printed) material a. matter
    - druk batikowy Techn., Włók. batik
    - druk offsetowy Druk. offset (printing)
    - druk płaski Druk. lithography, planographic printing
    - druk urzędowy (official) form
    - druk wklęsły Druk. intaglio
    - druk wypukły Druk. letterpress, relief printing
    * * *
    - ku; instr sg - kiem; m
    ( drukowanie) printing; ( krój liter) type; ( tekst) print; ( blankiet) form
    * * *
    mi
    1. (= drukowanie) printing; przygotować do druku prepare for printing; książka została oddana do druku book is in press; książka ukazała się drukiem book was published l. printed, book appeared in print; przemówienie wyszło drukiem speech was published l. printed; publikować drukiem print.
    2. (= technika drukowania) printing technique; druk wypukły relief printing; druk wklęsły gravure printing; druk offsetowy offset printing; tłusty druk bold type l. typeface, boldface; druk pochyły italics, italic type; druk rozstrzelony spaced type; druk wielobarwny multi-color print.
    3. ( blankiet) form, blank; ( wydawnictwa) printed matter; proszę wypełnić ten druk please fill out this form, Br. please fill in this form; druki akcydensowe job printing; druki ścisłego zarachowania numbered (blank) forms; druk urzędowy official form; druki reklamowe advertising materials, leaflets.
    4. techn., tk. (= nanoszenie deseniu) printing; druk ręczny manual printing; druk sitowy silk-screen printing; druk natryskowy spray printing.
    5. techn. (= deseń) print; druk batikowy batik (print).

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > druk

  • 18 manifestación

    f.
    1 public demonstration, protest march, picket, mass meeting.
    2 manifestation, declaration, statement, demonstration.
    3 tax return.
    * * *
    1 (de protesta etc) demonstration
    1 (declaración) statement sing, declaration sing, comments plural
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (Pol) (=desfile) demonstration; (=concentración) mass meeting, rally
    2) (=muestra) [de emoción] display, show; (=señal) sign

    manifestaciones de alegría/júbilo — jubilation

    3) (=declaración) statement, declaration
    (tb: manifestación social) social occasion
    5)
    * * *
    1) (Pol) demonstration

    asistir a una manifestación — to take part in o go on a demonstration

    2) (expresión, indicio) sign

    las manifestaciones artísticas/culturales de la época — the artistic/cultural expression of the era

    3) manifestaciones femenino plural (period) ( declaraciones) statement
    * * *
    = disclosure, expression, manifestation, outcropping, airing, demonstration, street protest.
    Ex. The patent abstract is a concise statement of the technical disclosure of the patent and must emphasize that which is new in the context of the invention.
    Ex. The first two steps require the recognition of the individual concepts present in the topic, and their expression in the terms available in the controlled vocabulary.
    Ex. The concepts introduced by the colon: (colon) may be manifestations of either Personality, Matter or Energy facets within a given compound.
    Ex. The unease is pervasive, not an occasional outcropping of discontent.
    Ex. To achieve a full airing of concerns, librarians must work to overcome the unfavorable odds against the individual's access to unpopular or anti-establishment views.
    Ex. The most likely short-term scenario is likely to be increasingly venomous exchanges between authors and publishers, leading to more lawsuits, threats and demonstrations.
    Ex. The Chinese seem to have gone off their rocker with the recent street protests against revisions of Japanese schoolbooks.
    ----
    * manifestación pacífica = peaceful demonstration.
    * organizar una manifestación = stage + demonstration, stage + protest.
    * * *
    1) (Pol) demonstration

    asistir a una manifestación — to take part in o go on a demonstration

    2) (expresión, indicio) sign

    las manifestaciones artísticas/culturales de la época — the artistic/cultural expression of the era

    3) manifestaciones femenino plural (period) ( declaraciones) statement
    * * *
    = disclosure, expression, manifestation, outcropping, airing, demonstration, street protest.

    Ex: The patent abstract is a concise statement of the technical disclosure of the patent and must emphasize that which is new in the context of the invention.

    Ex: The first two steps require the recognition of the individual concepts present in the topic, and their expression in the terms available in the controlled vocabulary.
    Ex: The concepts introduced by the colon: (colon) may be manifestations of either Personality, Matter or Energy facets within a given compound.
    Ex: The unease is pervasive, not an occasional outcropping of discontent.
    Ex: To achieve a full airing of concerns, librarians must work to overcome the unfavorable odds against the individual's access to unpopular or anti-establishment views.
    Ex: The most likely short-term scenario is likely to be increasingly venomous exchanges between authors and publishers, leading to more lawsuits, threats and demonstrations.
    Ex: The Chinese seem to have gone off their rocker with the recent street protests against revisions of Japanese schoolbooks.
    * manifestación pacífica = peaceful demonstration.
    * organizar una manifestación = stage + demonstration, stage + protest.

    * * *
    A ( Pol) demonstration
    asistieron a la manifestación they took part in o went on the demonstration
    dispersar una manifestación to break up a demonstration
    B
    (expresión, indicio): fueron recibidos con grandes manifestaciones de júbilo they were received with great rejoicing o jubilation
    las manifestaciones artísticas/culturales de la época the artistic/cultural expression of the era
    las primeras manifestaciones del cambio que se estaba produciendo the first signs of the change that was taking place
    por todas partes se observaban manifestaciones de duelo signs of mourning were visible everywhere
    las manifestaciones que hizo a la prensa the statement he made to the press, his statement to the press, what he said to the press
    * * *

     

    manifestación sustantivo femenino
    1 (Pol) demonstration
    2 (expresión, indicio) sign;

    manifestación sustantivo femenino
    1 (de trabajadores, etc) demonstration
    2 (muestra) manifestation, sign: fue una insólita manifestación de afecto, it was an unusual display of affection
    ' manifestación' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    antinuclear
    - detonante
    - encabezar
    - encabezamiento
    - movimiento
    - salir
    - silenciar
    - sofocar
    - sumarse
    - autorizar
    - cabecera
    - cabeza
    - convocar
    - desfilar
    - disolución
    - disolver
    - dispersar
    - marcha
    - movilización
    - multitudinario
    - pacífico
    - protesta
    English:
    against
    - banner
    - come
    - demo
    - demonstration
    - display
    - March
    - sit-in
    - stage
    - steward
    - manifestation
    - protest
    * * *
    1. [de alegría, dolor] show, display;
    [indicio] sign;
    2. [de opinión] declaration, expression;
    en sus manifestaciones a la prensa se declaró inocente in his statements to the press he said he was innocent
    3. [por la calle] demonstration;
    hacer una manifestación a favor de/contra algo to demonstrate o take part in a demonstration in favour of/against sth
    * * *
    f
    1 de gente demonstration
    2 ( muestra) show
    3 ( declaración) statement
    * * *
    1) : manifestation, sign
    2) : demonstration, rally
    * * *
    1. (protesta) demonstration
    2. (expresión) expression
    3. (declaración) statement

    Spanish-English dictionary > manifestación

  • 19 Bakewell, Frederick C.

    SUBJECT AREA: Telecommunications
    [br]
    fl. 1850s
    [br]
    British inventor of the "copying telegraph", the basis of facsimile transmission.
    [br]
    Although little appears to be known about his life, Bakewell deserves a place in this dictionary for a single invention that was to have a significant impact upon communication. The invention of photography early in the nineteenth century soon led to a desire to transmit images over a distance. Although telegraphy was still very much in its infancy, Bakewell realized that the key to a viable system of facsimile, as it came to be known, was to dissect the image to be transmitted sequentially by scanning it in a series of parallel lines with some sort of sensor and to synchronously reconstruct it at the receiving end—a process that anticipated the way in which modern television works. To this end the line image was drawn with varnish on a sheet of tin foil, which was then wrapped around a cylinder. As the cylinder was rotated, presumably by some kind of regulated clockwork mechanism similar to that used later in the early phonographs of Edison, an electrical contact driven by a screw thread caused the image to be scanned along a spiral path, giving a series of on-off signals. At the receiving end, instead of the tin foil, a sheet of paper wetted with a suitable chemical was darkened by the current pulses as they arrived.
    A practicable system did not become possible until a dry form of receiving-paper that was insensitive to light became available in the 1930s; once established, however, the technique remained the basis of commercial machines into the 1980s.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1853, Electric Science.
    1857, A Manual of Electricity.
    Further Reading
    J.Malster \& M.J.Bowden, 1976, "Facsimile. A Review", Radio \& Electronic Engineer 46:55.
    See also: Bain, Alexander
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Bakewell, Frederick C.

  • 20 Bickford, William

    [br]
    b. 1774 Devonshire, England
    d. 1834 Tuckingmill, Cornwall, England
    [br]
    English leather merchant, inventor of the safety fuse.
    [br]
    Having tried in vain to make his living as a currier in Truro, Cornwall, he set up as a leather merchant in Tuckingmill and became aware of the high casualty rates suffered by local tin-miners in shot-firing accidents. He therefore started attempts to discover a safe means of igniting charges, and came up with a form of safety fuse that made the operation of blasting much less hazardous. It was patented in 1831 and consisted of a cable of jute and string containing a thin core of powder; it provided a dependable means for conveying the flame to the charge so that the danger of hang fires was almost eliminated. Its accurate and consistent timing allowed the firing of several holes at a time without the fusing of the last being destroyed by the blast from the first. By 1840, a gutta-percha fuse had been developed which could be used in wet conditions and was an improvement until the use of dynamite for shot-firing.
    Accounts of the invention, after it had been described in the Report from the Select Committee on Accidents in Mines (1835, London) were widespread in various foreign mining journals, and in the 1840s factories were set up in different mining areas on the European continent, in America and in Australia. Bickford himself founded a firm at Tuckingmill in the year that he came up with his invention which was later controlled by his descendants until it finally merged with Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) after the First World War.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    F.Heise, 1904, Sprengstoffe und Zündung der Sprengschüsse, Berlin (provides a detailed description of the development).
    W.J.Reader, 1970, Imperial Chemical Industries. A History, Vol. I, London: Oxford University Press (throws light on the tight international connections of Bickford's firm with Nobel industries).
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Bickford, William

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